ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȀĮljĮıțİȣȫȞ - ȈȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢ ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ȝİ ȤȡȒıȘ Ǿ/Ȋ
X
7.5 ĬİȫȡȘȝĮ Betti țĮȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ĮȝȠȚȕĮȚȩljȘljĮȢ......................................... 204
7.5.1 ĬİȫȡȘȝĮ ĮȝȠȚȕĮȚȩljȘljĮȢ ljȦȞ ȝİljĮțȚȞȒıİȦȞ
Maxwell-Betti........................................................................ 205
7.6 ǼijĮȡȝȠȖȑȢ ıİ įȚțljȣȫȝĮljĮ.................................................................. 205
7.7 ǼijĮȡȝȠȖȑȢ ıİ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ........................................................................ 217
7.8 ǼijĮȡȝȠȖȑȢ ıİ ıȪȞșİljȠȣȢ ijȠȡİȓȢ ........................................................ 222
7.9 ȆȡȠȕȜȒȝĮljĮ ȝİ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚȢ Įʌȩ ȐȜȜĮ ĮȓljȚĮ ............................... 226
7.9.1 ĬİȡȝȠțȡĮıȚĮțȑȢ ȝİljĮȕȠȜȑȢ .................................................. 226
7.9.2 ȀĮljĮıțİȣĮıljȚțȑȢ ĮljȑȜİȚİȢ .................................................... 232
7.9.3 ȂİljĮțȚȞȒıİȚȢ ıljȘȡȓȟİȦȞ ....................................................... 232
7.10 ǼȜĮıljȚțȑȢ ıljȘȡȓȟİȚȢ ............................................................................ 237
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮljĮ ȖȚĮ İʌȓȜȣıȘ ............................................................... 240
ȂǼȇȅȈ B
8 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȝİ ȂȘljȡȫĮ: ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ǼȣțĮȝȥȓĮȢ............................................. 249
8.1 ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıljȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ ȝİ ljȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȝȘljȡȫȦȞ ................ 249
8.1.1 ȂȑșȠįȠȢ ıȣȝȕȚȕĮıljȩljȘljĮȢ ljȦȞ ȝİljĮțȚȞȒıİȦȞ
ȕȐıİȚ ȝȘljȡȫȦȞ ...................................................................... 250
8.1.2 ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıljȘ ȂȑșȠįȠ ǼȣțĮȝȥȓĮȢ ....................................... 251
8.2 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ įȚțljȣȦȝȐljȦȞ ȝİ ljȘ ȂȑșȠįȠ ǼȣțĮȝȥȓĮȢ (ǻȣȞȐȝİȦȞ) ........ 252
8.2.1 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȚıȠıljĮljȚțȫȞ įȚțljȣȦȝȐljȦȞ..................................... 253
8.2.2 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȣʌİȡıljĮljȚțȫȞ įȚțljȣȦȝȐljȦȞ
ȝİ ljȘ ȂȑșȠįȠ ǼȣțĮȝȥȓĮȢ...................................................... 264
8.3 ȈȣȝʌȣțȞȦȝȑȞĮ ȝȘljȡȫĮ ȝİljĮıȤȘȝĮljȚıȝȠȪ......................................... 276
8.4 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ʌȜĮȚıȚĮțȫȞ țĮljĮıțİȣȫȞ ȝİ ljȘ ȂȑșȠįȠ ǼȣțĮȝȥȓĮȢ .......... 287
8.4.1 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȚıȠıljĮljȚțȫȞ ʌȜĮȚıȓȦȞ ........................................... 289
8.4.2 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȣʌİȡıljĮljȚțȫȞ ʌȜĮȚıȓȦȞ ......................................... 293
8.5 ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ȝȚțljȫȞ țĮljĮıțİȣȫȞ ............................................................ 303
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮljĮ ȖȚĮ İʌȓȜȣıȘ ............................................................... 312
9 ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ǻȣıțĮȝȥȓĮȢ: ǹȞȐȜȣıȘ ǻȚțljȣȦȝȐljȦȞ ....................................... 319
9.1 ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıljȚȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣȢ ǻȣıțĮȝȥȓĮȢ (ȂİljĮțȚȞȒıİȦȞ)................... 319
9.1.1 īİȞȚțȒ ʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȒ ljȘȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣ ............................................. 319
9.1.2 ȈȣıljȒȝĮljĮ ıȣȞljİljĮȖȝȑȞȦȞ ................................................... 320
9.2 ǼʌȓȜȣıȘ ıȣıljȘȝȐljȦȞ İȜĮljȘȡȓȦȞ........................................................ 320
9.2.1 īİȞȚțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȝİșȩįȠȣ ȝİljĮțȚȞȒıİȦȞ Ȓ įȣıțĮȝȥȓĮȢ .... 321
9.2.2 ȂȑșȠįȠȢ DZȝİıȘȢ ǻȣıțĮȝȥȓĮȢ .............................................. 326
